Do you need JRF for applying to NII?
NO, you don’t need.
Are you eligible to apply, if you are in last year of Master’ programme?
Yes, you may please apply.
Don’t have any idea about syllabus, question paper etc?
No worries, we are here to help you . please fill in your query and get details regarding exam..
All about TIFR Ph.D application
Content posted here is taken from http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2021/ , kindly go through the webpage to know more about application detail, I am sure you will get all the details you are looking for, in case, if at all, you have any doubt regarding Application, Syllabus, Previous Year Question Paper, Research Proposal etc .
Please do get in touch by filling this form
Frequently asked question
Application procedure & mode of Application
Application mode: online
Please follow appropriate link on the website for filling up the application form.
Read the instructions carefully before you start filling up the online application form.
Please submit separate application/fees for each subject. DO NOT MAKE MULTIPLE REGISTRATIONS FOR THE SAME SUBJECT.
Question type and duration of the test : MCQs, Time : 2 hours , 1/2 negative marking
Who can apply: In simple words anyone
Eligibility: Candidates in the final year of qualifying degree can also apply.
For Ph.D: Masters degree in any discipline, any subject.
For Integrated Ph.D: Candidate either in final year of B.A./B.Sc./B.Math./B.Stat./B.E./B.Tech or completed.
If you are in Masters final year apply for Ph.D not eligible for Int.Ph.D
Biology: candidates will be shortlisted for interview based on written test marks, CV, letters of recommendation
For Ph.D.: Masters in Basic Science (M.Sc. Physics/ Chemistry/ Mathematics/ any branch of Biology) or any professional, Master’s Degree (M.Pharma./M.Tech.), or a > 4 year degree program (e.g. MBBS, BDS). Students holding an M.Sc. degree in a non-Biology-allied discipline such as Chemistry / Physics / Mathematics / Computer Science, and who wish to obtain an M.Sc. in Biology, will be offered the option of enrolling in the I-Ph.D. programme at the time of joining.Application Fee & Payment
Application Fee (Non-Refundable):
Male Candidates : Rs 1200/-
Female Candidates : Rs 600/-
Others : Rs 600/-
Application fee can only be paid online through Internet banking/Debit/Credit Card/UPI or other modes as available on our payment gateway.
Important Dates
Nationwide Entrance Examination:
Sunday, March 7, 2021
Online application starts:
January 4, 2021
Last date for application:
January 31, 2021
GATE Scored based applications to Systems Science (including Communications and Machine Learning):
Opens : January 31, 2021
Closes : To be announced
Results of the Nationwide Entrance Examination (shortlist for interviews) :
To be announced.
Fellowship
Ph.D. Students receive a monthly fellowship of Rs 31,000/- enhanced to Rs 35,000/- after registration.
I-Ph.D. Students receive a monthly fellowship of Rs 21,000/- for the first year. At the end of the first year, upon satisfactory performance, the fellowship is enhanced to Rs 31,000/- per month (further raised to Rs 35,000/- after registration for Ph.D.).
M.Sc. (Biology) Students receive a monthly fellowship of Rs 16,000/- (+HRA as applicable).
Where all you can lend with this application
Admissions (GS-2021)TIFRGS-2021The admissions procedure (in all subjects, except Science Education) consists of an online test at one of the several nationwide centres, followed by interviews of shortlisted candidates.Shortlisted candidates will be called for interviews to be held during April-May 2021. Exact dates would be announced later.Results of the entrance examination will be announced on end-February, 2021 and students shortlisted for interview will be intimated by email. Biology:The TIFR Nationwide Entrance Examination (GS2021) for Biology is also called the Joint Graduate Entrance Examination for Biology and Interdisciplinary Life Sciences (JGEEBILS).See http://www.ncbs.res.in/JGEEBILS.All participating institutions use the result from this examination as a part of their admission process. Students need to apply separately to each JGEEBILS participating institution.Participating Institutions:ACTREC:Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Mumbai (www.actrec.gov.in)Ashoka University (www.ashoka.edu.in)Bose Institute, Kolkata (www.jcbose.ac.in)CCMB:Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad (www.ccmb.res.in)CDFD:Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad (www.cdfd.org.in)IISER:Indian Institute of Science Education and Research IISER-K, Kolkata (www.iiserkol.ac.in) IISER-P, Pune (www.iiserpune.ac.in) IISER-TVM, Thiruvananthapuram (www.iisertvm.ac.in) IISER-T, Tirupati (www.iisertirupati.ac.in)IMSc:Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai (www.imsc.res.in)InStem:Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru (www.instem.res.in)MSLS:Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal (https://www.manipal.edu/mu.html)NBRC:National Brain Research Centre, Manesar (www.nbrc.ac.in)NCCS: National Centre for Cell Science, Pune (www.nccs.res.in)NIBMG: National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani (www.nibmg.ac.in)NII:National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi (www.nii.res.in)NISER:National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar (www.niser.ac.in)RCB: Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad (www.rcb.res.in)SINP: Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata (www.saha.ac.in)TIFR: Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchDBS-TIFR: Department of Biological Sciences, Mumbai (www.tifr.res.in/~dbs)ICTS-TIFR: International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Bengaluru (https://www.icts.res.in) NCBS-TIFR: National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru (www.ncbs.res.in) TIFR-H: TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Hyderabad (www.tifrh.res.in)ADDITIONAL MODE OF ADMISSIONS (BEYOND GS2021) : SYSTEMS SCIENCE :GATE score based applications in Systems Science (including Communications and Machine Learning):Engineering students with exceptional performance in GATE examination of 2019-2021 in Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Mathematics may apply for the Ph.D. program without appearing for the TIFR Entrance Test. The link for GATE score based applications will be made available on our website on January 31, 2021. Last date for applying will be two weeks after the GATE 2021 results are displayed on their website.In case a student takes the Systems Science TIFR Entrance Test and also submits a GATE score based application, the better of the two performances will be considered. GATE/ JEST/ NET exam scores for Physics, Biology and Chemistry:In addition to the admissions through the nationwide examination, some admissions in Physics, Biology and Chemistry based on GATE / NET / JEST scores in the relevant subjects, and Ecology and Evolution GATE scores (NCBS only), are also possible. Details of these admission procedures, including cut-offs and application dates, will be available on the websites of TIFR-Mumbai, NCRA-Pune, NCBS-Bengaluru, ICTS-Bengaluru and TIFR-Hyderabad, as appropriate and at appropriate times.
Joint CSIR UGC NET Official Answer Keys June 2019
Click on the text below to download
Techniques in Cell biology and Molecular Biology
Dear friends and colleagues,
If you need these books, you are requested to fill this form, mention the name of the Book in the given box and when you are done with filling of the form. You are further requested to message me on my facebook.
Click on this to open the form- FILL ME
Click here to access to my facebook – Sanjay Shukla facebook
Most important: Since, message box is linked with the filled form.Hence, you are requested to do both. Only messaging or signing up on form will NOT give you access.
What you have to message: I have filled the form and need XYZ(name of the book).
Thanks,
With regards,
-sanjay
Protected: One thought on “Holi 2014 at Home”
Research Methodology/Aptitude for UGC-NET
Dear friends,
As I have noticed that some of you specially those, preparing for NTA-NET( UGC-NET/JRF) test and or first year Ph.D. students during their course work are expected to go through Research methodology or Research and or teaching aptitude part. I have tried compiling certain stuff related to this portion, if you need them, please sign up using the contact form appended below.
NII (National Institute of Immunology) Question paper (Sample)
Dear all,
There is no defined syllabus for NII (Ph.D. entrance). Hence, it is really hard for students to deduce from vast syllabus as in which should be priorities in preparation. To get a simple clue of the syllabus, we can take a look at previous year question paper or sample paper. If you need that for your preparation, you may fill the form ensuring that email ID and or Contact number is correct, so that you can get it either on email or WhatsApp.
Best wishes
-sanjay
Application ,eligibility for BARC exam, OCES/DGFS
Hey!,
Although I have put up all the information needed to proceed ahead with your application on tentative dates( suggest you to visit BARC webpage). Yet, if you have any doubt as in what BARC has to offer you/ who can apply/ how one can apply/ syllabus/ regarding questions and question paper etc. Please do not hesitate to fill the contact form for more discussion.
Who can apply ??
Qualifying Degrees and Other Academic Requirements for OCES/DGFS2020:
There are two types of application
1) Engineering 2) Science, in either of this you can apply through either based on GATE score or Entrance test
For Biosciences Discipline (code BS):
I. M.Sc. in Agriculture, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology,
Genetics, Botany, Zoology, Plant Science, Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology,
Entomology, Food Technology, Animal Science, Life Sciences, Biomedical
Sciences and Biosciences with a minimum of 60% aggregate marks in M.Sc. as
well as in B.Sc. (except for 5-year integrated M.Sc.); or B.E. / B.Tech. / B.Sc.
(Tech) only in Food Technology with minimum of 60%* aggregate marks.
II. M.Sc. applicants should have studied one out of Physics or Chemistry or
Biochemistry or Agriculture Chemistry as a subject at the B.Sc. stage or at
subsidiary and / or ancillary level in case of 5- year integrated M.Sc.
III. Applicants opting to be considered on the basis of a GATE Score should have a
valid GATE Score in ―Life Sciences‟ or in ―Biotechnology‟.
IV. Those having M.Sc. with specialization in subjects like Fisheries,
Horticulture, Forestry, Agronomy, Animal Husbandry, Marine Biology,
Bioanalytical Sciences, Bioinformatics and Home Science etc and B.E. /
B.Tech. / M.Tech. in Biotechnology / Genetic Engineering / Biomedical
Engineering are not eligible.
Age Limit (Age as on August 1, 2020):
a) General Category – 26 years,
b) OBC – 29 years,
c) SC/ST – 31 years,
d) Dependents of those who died in the riots of 1984 (Dep1984) – 31 years,
e) Persons domiciled in Kashmir Division of Jammu & Kashmir State from
01/01/1980 to 31/12/1989 (Dom Kashmir) – 31 years.
Physically Challenged persons of all categories are eligible for age
relaxation of 10 years.
D. Nationality: Applicant must be a citizen of India.
E. Applicants working in Central or State Governments or their Units / PSUs /
Aided Institutes should produce a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from their
organization at the time of Selection Interview, failing which they may not be
interviewed
What you will get from BARC training
During the training programme you will be paid 55000 Rs/ month and successful completion of the Training Schemes guarantees employment as Scientific Officer “C‟ in one of the DAE units or Atomic Energy Regulatory Board with attractive career progression opportunities up to the highest echelons.
Application Fee:
i. A non-refundable Application Fee of ₹ 500 is chargeable from the male applicants belonging to General and OBC categories.
ii. Woman candidates, candidates belonging to SC/ST, Dependents of Defence Personnel Killed in Action (DODPKIA) and Physically Challenged candidates are exempted from payment of Application Fee.
Candidates awaiting final results and/or due to appear for GATE-2020, may also apply.
Selection
Final Selection for the OCES/DGFS-2020 programs will be based solely on performance in Selection Interview, subject to medical fitness.
Students admitted to the M.Sc. (Engg.) / Ph.D. program will be paid a Fellowship / Stipend for the duration of their academic program. No permanent employment with DAE is assured to such Research Fellows.
CSIR-UGC-NET JRF Online free special classes
Dear friends,
As many of you have been following this blog since 2015. Through this, I have been trying with my limited capacity to engage with you for your preparation by enabling your access to ebooks, previous year question papers, notes, etc. Moreover, I discussed with you on your questions and queries on social platforms.
Now, I have started online classes on one of India’s largest learning platform i.e., “Unacademy“, wherein, I am beginning with Molecular Biology for CSIR life sciences and would try to cover up all 13 units subsequently.
These classes would be useful for CSIR/DBT/ICMR/TIFR/BARC/ IIT-JAM/ JNU and BHU Ph.D. and or Masters competitive exams aspirants
To join my classes or other wonderful educators classes, you are suggested to do the following
1: Download Unacademy learning app from your Google play store
2: Register using your mobile number and or email ID.
3: Search “Sanjay K Shukla” to join my classes, likewise you can choose anyone doing better in the field. This is how my profile will look like on Unacademy 
4: Post search, go to my profile Click on “follow“, this will help you to notify once my classes are started.
5: If you want to subscribe, you may use my referral code ” SANJAYKS” for a 10 % discount. Single subscription using my Referral Code would help to access any and every educator assigned for the course. 
आप में से बहुत से लोग इस ब्लॉग से पिछले 5 वर्षों से अवगत हैं।
इसके माध्यम से, मैं अपनी सीमित क्षमता के साथ ईबुक, पिछले वर्ष के प्रश्न पत्र, नोट्स इत्यादि प्रदान करके आपकी तैयारी में संलग्न होने की कोशिश कर रहा हूं, इसके अलावा, मैंने आपके साथ सोशल प्लेटफॉर्म पर आपके प्रश्नों और प्रश्नों पर चर्चा की।
अब, मैंने भारत के सबसे बड़े शिक्षण प्लेटफार्मों में से एक “Unacademy” पर ऑनलाइन कक्षाएं शुरू कर दी हैं, जिसमें, मैं CSIR के लिए आणविक जीवविज्ञान के साथ शुरुआत कर रहा हूं और बाद में सभी 13 इकाइयों को शामिल करने की कोशिश करूंगा।
ये कक्षाएं CSIR / DBT / ICMR / TIFR / BARC / IIT-JAM / JNU और BHU Ph.D और परास्नातक प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के उम्मीदवारों के लिए उपयोगी होंगी
मेरी कक्षाओं या अन्य शिक्षकों की कक्षाओं में शामिल होने के लिए आपको निम्नलिखित करने का सुझाव दिया जाता है.1: अपने play store से Unacademy Learning ऐप डाउनलोड करें
2: अपने मोबाइल नंबर और ईमेल आईडी का उपयोग करके पंजीकरण करें।
3: मेरी कक्षाओं में शामिल होने के लिए ” Sanjay K Shukla ” को खोजें, इसी तरह आप किसी भी एजुकेटर के लिए चुन सकते हैं।
4: मेरी प्रोफाइल देखने के पश्चात आप Follow या Enrol पर क्लिक कर, आने वाली कक्षाओ की सूचना की सुविधा प्राप्त कर सकते हैं.
5: अगर आप सबस्क्राइब करना चाहते हैं तो कृपया हुमारे रीफेरल कोड SANJAYKS का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं, जिससे आप भुगतान मे 10 प्रतिशत की छूट का लाभ प्राप्त कर सकेंगे , साथ ही साथ आप किसी भी एजुकेटर की क्लास को देख सकेंगे. मात्र एक सबस्क्रिपशन सारी क्लासेस मे उपस्थिति होने की अनुमति देगा.
With best wishes
-snajay
Career Counselling forum
Dear friends,
If you are still struggling with Joint CSIR-UGC-NET exam and have not been able to make it to so far, stay tuned on this blog,follow up on the instruction given on the About author page.
In the interim,if you are looking for job in R & D section, JRF/RA position(Non-NET candidates) . Please fill up the form linked up with this. If possible send your CV.
You may join the discussion on the same over Facebook group by clicking on Career Counselling for Biological Sciences Students
Apart from this if you have any query you may contact me on +917080781295 (Saturday 5pm-7pm and Sunday 2pm-10pm) and keep in touch for the updates.
best wishes,
-sanjay
You need to fill up only one form either of them given below
Note: This is an individual effort being made by me just to ease your problems. In case if you have any kind of issues please do NOT participate in this because I would NOT take any question on me.
You will be notified on your whatsApp or email if something comes on the way which is suitable for you.
Protected: Download ICMR question paper [2008 to 2018]
ICMR JRF Question Paper
Dear all,
If you are an aspirant of NET and or JRF (CSIR/DBT/ICMR) or GATE, TIFR,BARC or any other biological Sciences exam and looking for TEXT BOOKS, Syllabus, Previous year question paper, Mock test paper etc. You may please sign up here specifying your requirement. I will make sure the material in .pdf formate or link sent to your whatsApp number or email address, whichever, I will find convenient for me.
Techniques in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
Dear all,
Kindly click on the link appended below to access the text book, link may expire soon, thus, you can either mail me or whatsApp me on 7080781295 to access the link. In case you visit this page later on.
Click on ⇒ Book
Integrated PhD
Here is an explanation about Int. PhD.
Name of the institution (accompanied with link) gives an opportunity to peruse this course.
Integrated PhD: a road less traveled and understood
With the winter season coming in, it is that time of the year, when final year undergraduates are thinking “Hey, college is almost over. So, what do we do next?” Science and engineering students are increasingly looking to opportunities in academia and research given the recent explosion of funding and institutes in India. A few may also be flirting with the idea of doing an Integrated MS-PhD. It’s for this group that this article blog is relevant.
Many institutes in India, both autonomous and state funded, offer the five year PhD programs, whereas the six-year Integrated MS-PhD programs are available only at a handful of places including IISc, NCBS, JNSCAR, NBRC , IIT-JAM and TIFR ! Typically the competition for the seats available is high due to a perceived exclusivity of these programs. But let’s keep all that aside…. So, how do you evaluate which one is the right program for you?
Let’s talk of the Integrated PhD program first. The purpose of the BS–MS-PhD sequence is to gradually condition one’s thoughts towards research, while providing a view of the trials and tribulations in small doses. Int. PhD is meant to give you a jump start in that process and is tailored for those who have decided that their lives are dedicated to scientific research. One is required to have a well-developed sense of breaking down any complex scientific problems into small manageable bits, on-demand problem solving, self-motivation and focus. Once selected, people find the first 1-2 years as being the most challenging and grueling. Why? The enormous transition in the way one acquires knowledge, works and connects to the science around. Our present BS courses may provide a primer to reading papers, journal clubs, oral presentations and goal driven scientific projects, but it does not compare to the thorough grounding given in MSprograms. So when one joins an Int. PhD program, just in 2-3 months, one is shuttled from a semester-and-exam based system to one where you are learning skills and tools all the time, with evaluations based on presentation, data talks and discussions. It’s expected that one knows as much as one’s MS batchmates.
The information gathering protocol shifts from books to journals and talks to rationally review opposing arguments and collate large amounts of data in a short period of time, owing to which it becomes distressing to people at times. Most of all, one has to handle adversities with great maturity — be it from failed experiments and projects or just tough courses. Moreover, Integrated PhD is also a commitment where if things head south, you’re left with a BS degree- there is hardly any “Get MS and get going” option.. This aspect is being currently addressed with some programs starting to offer MS by research as an exit option.
So is there an upside? Yes! If you have a focused scientific problem that just invites your attention, and you are itching to get going on that way and can handle any curve ball thrown at you, then you’re suited for this. You’ll learn more in the first year of Int. PhD than you ever will in the first year of any other degree. The fact that all premier institutes offer this program ensures that from the outset you will be exposed to cutting-edge technology, world-renowned speakers and an internationally trained faculty. Your already active mind will get more stimuli that it can handle. The fellowships are better than any you’ll get for MS and perhaps entry level Biotech jobs. And most importantly you’ll be the youngest in any level you enter (post-doc, industrial jobs etc) with many more years to devote to the field than others. This advantage of more time becomes important if you want to take a break and try something new. You have the time for that sabbatical that others generally don’t. The advantages are not tangible immediately but form a fundamental part of your career as you mature.
If one imagines oneself as an investor with a sizable amount of money (intellect, time and effort) , one can either play is safe investing in fixed term deposits (aka PhD programs) or speculate in the share market with variable returns (aka Int. MS-PhD programs). If one has the capacity to manage risky propositions well, it can leave one quite rich but there is a possibility of being hit real hard in harsh economic times.
Introspection and thought is strongly advised to identify which format is good for you. Both styles have produced competent scientists, the “Int-ies” being a growing breed. In the end, the decision is solely based on what are the risks versus the benefits are for you, much like any financial investment on the market.
Aditi Bhattacharya has written very beautifully on the web page of India bioscience, here all that is copied with due credit to the site and writer. Thanks Aditi for putting it up.
Joint CSIR UGC NET Exam Question Papers & Answer Keys: Official
Happy New Year 2019
“Be at war with your vices, at peace with your neighbors, and let every new year find you a better man.”
―
UGC NET December 2018 Answer Key
How to get Solved Answer key
1-Please sign up for solved Answer Key
2- You will be notified on your whats App and or SMS accompanied with E-mail on your given account
Biparental Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans
Abstract
Although there has been considerable debate about whether paternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmission may coexist with maternal transmission of mtDNA, it is generally believed that mitochondria and mtDNA are exclusively maternally inherited in humans. Here, we identified three unrelated multigeneration families with a high level of mtDNA heteroplasmy (ranging from 24 to 76%) in a total of 17 individuals. Heteroplasmy of mtDNA was independently examined by high-depth whole mtDNA sequencing analysis in our research laboratory and in two Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments and College of American Pathologists-accredited laboratories using multiple approaches. A comprehensive exploration of mtDNA segregation in these families shows biparental mtDNA transmission with an autosomal dominantlike inheritance mode. Our results suggest that, although the central dogma of maternal inheritance of mtDNA remains valid, there are some exceptional cases where paternal mtDNA could be passed to the offspring. Elucidating the molecular mechanism for this unusual mode of inheritance will provide new insights into how mtDNA is passed on from parent to offspring and may even lead to the development of new avenues for the therapeutic treatment for pathogenic mtDNA transmission.
Significance
The energy-producing organelle mitochondrion contains its own compact genome, which is separate from the nuclear genome. In nearly all mammals, this mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively from the mother, and transmission of paternal mitochondria or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has not been convincingly demonstrated in humans. In this paper, we have uncovered multiple instances of biparental inheritance of mtDNA spanning three unrelated multiple generation families, a result confirmed by independent sequencing across multiple unrelated laboratories with different methodologies. Surprisingly, this pattern of inheritance appears to be determined in an autosomal dominantlike manner. This paper profoundly alters a widespread belief about mitochondrial inheritance and potentially opens a novel field in mitochondrial medicine.
Read full paper from here
Job for Master’s student
Advt No.26/2018 : Appointment of a Laboratory Manager
National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) – Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), a premier research Centre is looking for appointment of a Laboratory Manager on a consolidated pay of 50,000 based on their qualification and experience. The appointment will be for a period of one year only which may be extended depending on the performance of the candidate.
Essential Qualification & Experience :
A master degree in the biological sciences and one or more years of research experience in a molecular biology laboratory are essential.
We expect this individual have experience with ordering supplies, keeping track of consumable stocks in the laboratory, replenishing as necessary, co-ordinating with lab personnel about their consumable needs, finding and requesting competitive pricing for commonly used consumables, following up with purchase that orders are placed in a timely fashion, ensuring that they are delivered in a timely fashion. We also expect the lab manager to have extensive molecular biology experience including DNA extraction, PCR, sequencing, qPCR, cloning and so on.
Desirable Experience :
Familiarity with next generation sequencing will be an added benefit.
Expected responsibilities:
We expect the lab manager to ensure that the lab can function without any hitches. The manager will be expected to spend 40% of their time on these issues, and the remaining 60% of their time on laboratory work. This will include developing and testing molecular methods for non-invasive samples, testing and helping laboratory students with some of their work, generating and analyzing data and so on. The lab manager will also be expected to maintain sample databases in the laboratory, maintain and manage freezer space and so on.
Last date for receipt of online applications – 10th July, 2018 ( Candidates with relevant experience only should apply and only shortlisted candidates for the interview will be contacted).
HOW TO APPLY :
Step 1: Interested candidates should register ONLINE through the link on our website (https://www.ncbs.res.in/jobportal/) using valid email ID.
Step 2: You will receive an user ID and password on your registered email ID.
Step 3: Using your ID and password you can fill in the application by clicking on “Submit Application”
Step 4: Once you fill in the application you can SAVE or PREVIEW the application. Please Note: Any corrections should be made before you SAVE the application.
Step 5: After you SAVE, you can submit the application by clicking “SUBMIT” (Applicants are requested NOT to send hard copies of applications)
Sd/-
Administrative Officer
for further detail click on the link below
https://www.ncbs.res.in/jobportal/node/2984
© aforementioned content Copied from NCBS web page
Online Mock test for UGC-NET Paper -1
Dear all,
Here I am conducting an online mock test pertaining “research aptitude” related questions for UGC-NET/JRF Part-1. Once, you are done with the test. I will update you with the answers.
As of now the questions are protected and you need a password to access . If you would like to take the test, please sign up here and you will be notified with the password on your email. You are requested to NOT to share the password with anyone which will be used to open the question paper.
sign up here to get the password.
Wish you all the best.
-sanjay
UGC NET Environmental Science -reading material
Dear all,
In case you face any problem in downloading anything updated on my blog. In order to get your problem fixed up quickly, you can fill this query form.
-sanjay
Compare and contrast between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram devised a method to differentiate two types of bacteria based on the structural differences in their cell walls. In his test, bacteria that retain the crystal violet dye do so because of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and are called Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the violet dye and are colored red or pink. Compared with Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant against antibodies because of their impenetrable cell wall. These bacteria have a wide variety of applications ranging from medical treatment to industrial use and Swiss cheese production.
Comparison chart
| Gram-negative Bacteria | Gram-positive Bacteria | |
|---|---|---|
| Gram reaction | Can be decolourized to accept counter stain (Safranin or Fuchsine); stain red or pink, they don’t retain the Gram stain when washed with absolute alcohol and acetone. | Retain crystal violet dye and stain dark violet or purple, they remain coloured blue or purple with gram stain when washed with absolute alcohol and water. |
| Peptidoglycan layer | Thin (single-layered) | Thick (multilayered) |
| Teichoic acids | Absent | Present in many |
| Periplasmic space | present | Absent |
| Outer membrane | Present | Absent |
| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content | High | Virtually none |
| Lipid and lipoprotein content | High (due to presence of outer membrane) | Low (acid-fast bacteria have lipids linked to peptidoglycan) |
| Flagellar structure | 4 rings in basal body | 2 rings in basal body |
| Toxins produced | Primarily Endotoxins | Primarily Exotoxins |
| Resistance to physical disruption | Low | High |
| Inhibition by basic dyes | Low | High |
| Susceptibility to anionic detergents | Low | High |
| Resistance to sodium azide | Low | High |
| Resistance to drying | Low | High |
| Cell wall composition | The cell wall is 70-120 Å (ångström) thick; two layered. Lipid content is 20-30% (high), Murein content is 10-20% (low). | The cell wall is 100-120 Å thick; single layered. Lipid content of the cell wall is low , whereas Murein content is 70-80% (higher). |
| Mesosome | Mesosome is less prominent. | Mesosome is more prominent. |
| Antibiotic Resistance | More resistant to antibiotics. | More susceptible to antibiotics |
Contents: Gram-positive vs Gram-negative Bacteria
Staining and Identification
Microscopic view of dental plaque, showing Gram-positive (purple) and negative (red) bacteria
In a Gram stain test, bacteria are washed with a decolorizing solution after being dyed with crystal violet. On adding a counterstain such as safranin or fuchsine after washing, Gram-negative bacteria are stained red or pink while Gram-positive bacteria retain their crystal violet dye.
This is due to the difference in the structure of their bacterial cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria do not have an outer cell membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is high in peptidoglycan which is responsible for retaining the crystal violet dye.
Gram-positive and negative bacteria are chiefly differentiated by their cell wall structure
The following videos demonstrate the staining of Gram-positive and negative bacteria respectively.
Pathogenesis in humans
Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can be pathogenic (see list of pathogenic bacteria). Six gram-positive genera of bacteria are known to cause disease in humans: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Bacillus and Clostridium. Another 3 cause diseases in plants: Rathybacter, Leifsonia, and Clavibacter.
Many gram-negative bacteria are also pathogenic e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Yersinia pestis. Gram-negative bacteria are also more resistant to antibiotics because their outer membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin. They also develop resistance sooner:
A lot of Gram-negative bacteria, they come out of the box, if you will, resistant to a number of important antibiotics that we might use to treat them. We’re talking about agents with names like Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, E. coli. These are bacteria that have historically done a very good job of very quickly developing resistance to antibiotics. They have a lot of tricks up their sleeves for developing resistance to antibiotics, so they’re a group of agents that can quickly become resistant, can pose major challenges to resistance. And what we’ve seen over the past decade is these Gram-negative agents becoming very rapidly more and more resistant to all of the agents that we have available to treat them.
Greater resistance of gram-negative bacteria also applies to a newly discovered class of antibiotics that was announced in early 2015 after a decades-long drought in new antibiotics. These drugs are not likely to work on gram-negative bacteria.
Structure of a gram-positive bacterial cell.
Gram positive Cocci
Bacteria are classified based on their cell shape into bacilli (rod shaped) and cocci (sphere shaped).Typical Gram-positive cocci stains include (pictures):
- Clusters: usually characteristic of Staphylococcus, such as S. aureus
- Chain: usually characteristic of Streptococcus, such as S. pneumoniae, B group streptococci
- Tetrad: usually characteristic of Micrococcus.
Gram-positive bacilli tend to be thick, thin or branching.
Commercial uses of non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria
Many streptococcal species are nonpathogenic, and form part of the commensal human microbiome of the mouth, skin, intestine, and upper respiratory tract. They are also a necessary ingredient in producing Emmentaler (Swiss) cheese.
Non-pathogenic species of corynebacterium are used in industrial production of amino acids, nucleotides, bioconversion of steroids, degradation of hydrocarbons, cheese ageing, production of enzymes etc.
Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes.
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein barnase (a ribonuclease), alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the protease subtilisin used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction enzyme used in DNA research.
- C. thermocellum can utilize lignocellulose waste and generate ethanol, thus making it a possible candidate for use in production of ethanol fuel. It is anaerobicand is thermophilic, which reduces cooling cost.
- C. acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism, was first used by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone and biobutanol from starch in 1916 for the production of gunpowder and TNT.
- C. botulinum produces a potentially lethal neurotoxin that is used in a diluted form in the drug Botox. It is also used to treat spasmodic torticollis and provides relief for approximately 12 to 16 weeks.
The anaerobic bacterium C. ljungdahlii can produce ethanol from single-carbon sources including synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be generated from the partial combustion of either fossil fuels or biomass.
Gram-indeterminate and Gram-variable Bacteria
Not all bacteria can be reliably classified through Gram staining. For example, acid-fast bacteria or Gram-variable do not respond to Gram staining.
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